Posts Tagged ‘equality’

The Effects of Inequality

Sunday, January 31st, 2010

It is not hard to see the effects of inequality; just go to any inner city neighborhood and the consequences of low income and few prospects are obvious. But the effects are much broader and deeper than a few run-down housing tracts. As British epidemiologists Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett point out in their new book The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger, in societies with less inequality, people do better on every measure of human well-being.

In commenting on the book, Sam Pizzigati, of the Institute for Policy Studies writes:

“If you want to know why one country does better or worse than another,” as Wilkinson and Pickett note simply, “the first thing to look at is the extent of inequality.”

The United States, the developed world’s most unequal major nation, ranks at or near the bottom on every quality-of-life indicator that Wilkinson and Pickett examine. Portugal and the UK, nations with levels of inequality that rival the United States, rank near that same bottom.

Japan and the Scandinavian nations, the world’s most equal major developed nations, show the exact opposite trend line. They all rank, on yardstick after yardstick, at or near the top.

And we see the same pattern within the United States. America’s most equal states — New Hampshire, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Vermont — all consistently outperform the least equal, states like Mississippi and Alabama.

People in more equal societies simply live longer, healthier, and happier lives than people in more unequal societies. And not just poor people in these societies, Wilkinson and Pickett emphasize continually, but all people.

If you have a middle class income in an unequal society, you’re going to be more stressed and less healthy — mentally and physically — than someone with the same income in a more equal society. […]

Over the past 30 years, the income of the top 1%, adjusted for inflation, doubled: the top one-tenth of 1% tripled, and the one-one-hundredth quadrupled,” says Pizzigati. “Meanwhile, the average income of the bottom 90% has gone down slightly. This is a stunning transformation.”

The United States has not always been a country of massive inequalities. These statistics are the product of deliberate policies on the part of conservative politicians supported by their propagandists and apologists in the media who have steadily gained influence over the past 30 years.

And it can be reversed if liberals are willing to fight—or they can stay home and sit on their hands as they did in Massachusetts two weeks ago.

The Soul of Conservatism

Wednesday, September 2nd, 2009

Victor David Hansen gives us a peak into the soul of conservatism:

When radical leaders over the last 2,500 years have sought to enforce equality of results, their prescriptions were usually predictable: redistribution of property; cancellation of debts; incentives to bring out the vote and increase political participation among the poor; stigmatizing of the wealthy, whether through the extreme measure of ostracism or the more mundane forced liturgies; use of the court system to even the playing field by targeting the more prominent citizens; radical growth in government and government employment; the use of state employees as defenders of the egalitarian faith; bread-and-circus entitlements; inflation of the currency and greater national debt to lessen the power of accumulated capital; and radical sloganeering about reactionary enemies of the new state.

After all is said and done, this is what rankles conservatives—the idea that the advantages of the rich will be curtailed. Charges of socialism today or the hyperbolic diatribes against communism in the past have always been about the deep angst conservatives feel at the prospect of any redistribution of wealth.

As Ed Kilgore writes:

Social Security is redistributive. Medicare is redistributive. Public education is redistributive. Public investments in highways, bridges, dams, and other infrastructure are most definitely redistributive. The land reforms that accompanied the rise of every society, dating back to feudalism, are inherently and overtly redistributive. Even defense spending is redistributive, insofar as the benefits of national security are rarely captured by current taxpayers.

Beyond government and politics, it’s not only “socialists” who have embraced “redistributive” thinking. The Hebrew lawgivers and prophets; Jesus Christ; Mohammad–all were blatant redistributionists. All denied that wealth or status was invariably the product of productivity and virtue, and rejected the idea that redistribution was theft.

The real dilemma for conservatism is that at its heart it is a rejection of hundreds of years of tradition in Western Civilization that seeks to make life better for ordinary people.  Conservatism, as articulated by its intellectual forbears, is supposed to be about conserving traditions, maintaining the continuity of life, and providing people with stable expectations. But to rail against redistribution is to advocate the radical upheaval of much of modern life and the understanding that ordinary, middle-class life can be meaningful and prosperous.

Ed Kilgore again:

…the rage against Barack Obama is really just displaced rage at democracy; at the mild forms of collective social action embraced by most Americans during the last century; at the longstanding policy positions of both major political parties; and at many of the very people they are calling upon to kill Obama’s agenda–including Social Security and Medicare beneficiaries, people with government-protected mortgages, farm-price-support recipients, military veterans, and public employees tout court.

Happy Taxes

Sunday, May 17th, 2009

According to research by The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, people in Denmark, Finland and the Netherlands achieved the highest rankings in “life satisfaction”. (The U.S. ranked 11th.)

What do they have in common? High taxes, according to this Wall St. Journal article.

Why would high taxes be correlated with happiness?

The article entertains two hypotheses. (1) These countries have a variety of social services, paid for with taxes, that offer relief for the sick, the unemployed, and the aged, such as universal health insurance, old age and disability pensions, rehabilitation and nursing homes, family welfare subsidies, and generous maternity benefits. Perhaps, less worry about basic needs generates more satisfaction with life.

Or (2) These countries have higher per capita income, i.e. a more equal distribution of wealth. More people with adequate incomes cause higher levels of reported life satisfaction. Or perhaps the mechanism is that greater equality means people ,when comparing their life prospects with that of their fellow citizens, more readily see themselves as at least as well off as others.

(Although the U.S has more overall wealth, the U.S ranks far back in the pack in income per person, at 15th.)

We can’t infer much from this data. We can’t infer a causal relationship from a correlation, and definitions of “happiness” or “life satisfaction” are notoriously slippery.

But the data might give you second thoughts about attending “tea parties” over the summer.